Sensory Processing Disorder

Introduction

Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) is a condition where the brain has difficulty receiving and responding to information from the senses. This can affect daily functioning, social interactions, and the ability to perform tasks. SPD is commonly seen in individuals with autism but can occur independently.

 Understanding Sensory Processing

– Sensory Systems: Humans have seven sensory systems: visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory, vestibular, and proprioceptive. Each system plays a role in how we perceive and interact with the world.

– Sensory Integration: This is the process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory information, allowing for appropriate responses.

 Types of Sensory Processing Disorder

1. Sensory Modulation Disorder (SMD): Difficulty regulating responses to sensory stimuli, categorized into:

   – Sensory Over-Responsivity (SOR): Overreacts to sensory input (e.g., bright lights, loud noises).

   – Sensory Under-Responsivity (SUR): Underreacts or is slow to respond to sensory input.

   – Sensory Seeking/Craving (SS): Actively seeks intense sensory experiences.

2. Sensory-Based Motor Disorder (SBMD): Difficulty with motor planning and execution, divided into:

   – Dyspraxia: Problems with planning and carrying out new motor actions.

   – Postural Disorder: Poor postural stability and balance.

3. Sensory Discrimination Disorder (SDD): Difficulty distinguishing between different sensory stimuli (e.g., detecting differences in textures, sounds).

 Symptoms and Behaviors

– Over-Responsivity: Avoidance of certain textures, sounds, or lights; may become distressed or anxious.

– Under-Responsivity: Appears lethargic, inattentive, or unaware of surroundings.

– Sensory Seeking: Excessive touching, moving, or crashing into things.

– Motor Challenges: Clumsiness, poor coordination, difficulty with fine motor tasks.

– Discrimination Issues: Trouble identifying objects by touch, difficulty following directions involving spatial concepts.

 Diagnosis and Assessment

– Observation: Noting reactions to sensory stimuli in various environments.

– Questionnaires: Tools like the Sensory Profile or the Sensory Processing Measure (SPM).

– Professional Evaluation: Occupational therapists play a key role in diagnosing SPD through standardized assessments and observation.

 Intervention and Strategies

– Occupational Therapy (OT): Tailored sensory integration therapy to improve sensory processing and adaptive responses.

– Sensory Diets: Customized activity plans that include specific sensory activities to meet individual needs.

– Environmental Modifications: Adjusting the sensory environment (e.g., reducing noise, providing sensory breaks).

– Skills Training: Developing coping strategies and adaptive skills for managing sensory challenges.

 Impact on Daily Life

– Educational Setting: Challenges with attention, participation, and interaction in school.

– Home Environment: Difficulties with daily routines and family dynamics.

– Social Interactions: Struggles with peer relationships and social engagement.